collections.abc
--- 容器的抽象基类¶
3.3 新版功能: 该模块曾是 collections
模块的组成部分。
该模块定义了一些 抽象基类,它们可用于判断一个具体类是否具有某一特定的接口;例如,这个类是否可哈希,或其是否为映射类。
An issubclass()
or isinstance()
test for an interface works in one
of three ways.
1) A newly written class can inherit directly from one of the abstract base classes. The class must supply the required abstract methods. The remaining mixin methods come from inheritance and can be overridden if desired. Other methods may be added as needed:
class C(Sequence): # Direct inheritance
def __init__(self): ... # Extra method not required by the ABC
def __getitem__(self, index): ... # Required abstract method
def __len__(self): ... # Required abstract method
def count(self, value): ... # Optionally override a mixin method
>>> issubclass(C, Sequence)
True
>>> isinstance(C(), Sequence)
True
2) Existing classes and built-in classes can be registered as "virtual
subclasses" of the ABCs. Those classes should define the full API
including all of the abstract methods and all of the mixin methods.
This lets users rely on issubclass()
or isinstance()
tests
to determine whether the full interface is supported. The exception to
this rule is for methods that are automatically inferred from the rest
of the API:
class D: # No inheritance
def __init__(self): ... # Extra method not required by the ABC
def __getitem__(self, index): ... # Abstract method
def __len__(self): ... # Abstract method
def count(self, value): ... # Mixin method
def index(self, value): ... # Mixin method
Sequence.register(D) # Register instead of inherit
>>> issubclass(D, Sequence)
True
>>> isinstance(D(), Sequence)
True
In this example, class D
does not need to define
__contains__
, __iter__
, and __reversed__
because the
in-operator, the iteration
logic, and the reversed()
function automatically fall back to
using __getitem__
and __len__
.
3) Some simple interfaces are directly recognizable by the presence of
the required methods (unless those methods have been set to
None
):
class E:
def __iter__(self): ...
def __next__(next): ...
>>> issubclass(E, Iterable)
True
>>> isinstance(E(), Iterable)
True
Complex interfaces do not support this last technique because an
interface is more than just the presence of method names. Interfaces
specify semantics and relationships between methods that cannot be
inferred solely from the presence of specific method names. For
example, knowing that a class supplies __getitem__
, __len__
, and
__iter__
is insufficient for distinguishing a Sequence
from
a Mapping
.
3.9 新版功能: These abstract classes now support []
. See GenericAlias 类型
and PEP 585.
容器抽象基类¶
这个容器模块提供了以下 ABCs:
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Footnotes
- 1(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14)
These ABCs override
object.__subclasshook__()
to support testing an interface by verifying the required methods are present and have not been set toNone
. This only works for simple interfaces. More complex interfaces require registration or direct subclassing.- 2
Checking
isinstance(obj, Iterable)
detects classes that are registered asIterable
or that have an__iter__()
method, but it does not detect classes that iterate with the__getitem__()
method. The only reliable way to determine whether an object is iterable is to calliter(obj)
.
Collections Abstract Base Classes -- Detailed Descriptions¶
- class collections.abc.Container¶
提供了
__contains__()
方法的抽象基类。
- class collections.abc.Hashable¶
提供了
__hash__()
方法的抽象基类。
- class collections.abc.Sized¶
提供了
__len__()
方法的抽象基类。
- class collections.abc.Callable¶
提供了
__call__()
方法的抽象基类。
- class collections.abc.Iterable¶
提供了
__iter__()
方法的抽象基类。使用
isinstance(obj, Iterable)
可以检测一个类是否已经注册到了Iterable
或者实现了__iter__()
函数,但是无法检测这个类是否能够使用__getitem__()
方法进行迭代。检测一个对象是否是 iterable 的唯一可信赖的方法是调用iter(obj)
。
- class collections.abc.Collection¶
集合了 Sized 和 Iterable 类的抽象基类。
3.6 新版功能.
- class collections.abc.Iterator¶
提供了
__iter__()
和__next__()
方法的抽象基类。参见 iterator 的定义。
- class collections.abc.Reversible¶
为可迭代类提供了
__reversed__()
方法的抽象基类。3.6 新版功能.
- class collections.abc.Generator¶
生成器类,实现了 PEP 342 中定义的协议,继承并扩展了迭代器,提供了
send()
,throw()
和close()
方法。参见 generator 的定义。3.5 新版功能.
- class collections.abc.Sequence¶
- class collections.abc.MutableSequence¶
- class collections.abc.ByteString¶
只读且可变的序列 sequences 的抽象基类。
实现笔记:一些混入(Maxin)方法比如
__iter__()
,__reversed__()
和index()
会重复调用底层的__getitem__()
方法。因此,如果实现的__getitem__()
是常数级访问速度,那么相应的混入方法会有一个线性的表现;然而,如果底层方法是线性实现(例如链表),那么混入方法将会是平方级的表现,这也许就需要被重构了。在 3.5 版更改: index() 方法支持 stop 和 start 参数。
- class collections.abc.MappingView¶
- class collections.abc.ItemsView¶
- class collections.abc.KeysView¶
- class collections.abc.ValuesView¶
映射及其键和值的视图 views 的抽象基类。
- class collections.abc.Awaitable¶
为可等待对象 awaitable 提供的类,可以被用于
await
表达式中。习惯上必须实现__await__()
方法。协程 对象和
Coroutine
ABC 的实例都是这个 ABC 的实例。备注
In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with
types.coroutine()
) are awaitables, even though they do not have an__await__()
method. Usingisinstance(gencoro, Awaitable)
for them will returnFalse
. Useinspect.isawaitable()
to detect them.3.5 新版功能.
- class collections.abc.Coroutine¶
用于协程兼容类的抽象基类。实现了如下定义在 协程对象: 里的方法:
send()
,throw()
和close()
。通常的实现里还需要实现__await__()
方法。所有的Coroutine
实例都必须是Awaitable
实例。参见 coroutine 的定义。备注
In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with
types.coroutine()
) are awaitables, even though they do not have an__await__()
method. Usingisinstance(gencoro, Coroutine)
for them will returnFalse
. Useinspect.isawaitable()
to detect them.3.5 新版功能.
- class collections.abc.AsyncIterable¶
提供了
__aiter__
方法的抽象基类。参见 asynchronous iterable 的定义。3.5 新版功能.
- class collections.abc.AsyncIterator¶
提供了
__aiter__
和__anext__
方法的抽象基类。参见 asynchronous iterator 的定义。3.5 新版功能.
Examples and Recipes¶
ABCs allow us to ask classes or instances if they provide particular functionality, for example:
size = None
if isinstance(myvar, collections.abc.Sized):
size = len(myvar)
有些抽象基类也可以用作混入类(mixin),这可以更容易地开发支持容器 API 的类。例如,要写一个支持完整 Set
API 的类,只需要提供下面这三个方法: __contains__()
, __iter__()
和 __len__()
。抽象基类会补充上其余的方法,比如 __and__()
和 isdisjoint()
:
class ListBasedSet(collections.abc.Set):
''' Alternate set implementation favoring space over speed
and not requiring the set elements to be hashable. '''
def __init__(self, iterable):
self.elements = lst = []
for value in iterable:
if value not in lst:
lst.append(value)
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.elements)
def __contains__(self, value):
return value in self.elements
def __len__(self):
return len(self.elements)
s1 = ListBasedSet('abcdef')
s2 = ListBasedSet('defghi')
overlap = s1 & s2 # The __and__() method is supported automatically
当把 Set
和 MutableSet
用作混入类时需注意:
由于某些集合操作会创建新集合,默认的混入方法需要一种从可迭代对象里创建新实例的方式。 假定类构造器具有
ClassName(iterable)
形式的签名。 这样它将执行一个名为_from_iterable()
的内部类方法,该方法会调用cls(iterable)
来产生一个新集合。 如果Set
混入类在具有不同构造器签名的类中被使用,你将需要通过类方法或常规方法来重载_from_iterable()
,以便基于可迭代对象参数来构造新的实例。重载比较符时时(想必是为了速度,因为其语义都是固定的),只需要重定义
__le__()
和__ge__()
函数,然后其他的操作会自动跟进。混入集合类
Set
提供了一个_hash()
方法为集合计算哈希值,然而,__hash__()
函数却没有被定义,因为并不是所有集合都是可哈希并且不可变的。为了使用混入类为集合添加哈希能力,可以同时继承Set()
和Hashable()
类,然后定义__hash__ = Set._hash
。
参见
OrderedSet recipe 是基于
MutableSet
构建的一个示例。